What does it mean to describe both the First World War and the Second Essay

What does it mean to describe both the First World War and the Second World War as total wars - Essay Example It is characterized by the calculated, methodical conflation of the civilian and military scopes of industrial warfare. From these definitions, describing the First and Second World Wars as total wars mean that the two wars entailed military conflict where the participants mobilized military and civilian resources to accomplish victory; they were wars of extremes. In both the wars, States had to mobilize all the intellectual, moral, and material resources of the civilians; everyone was legitimate to the wars. There were widespread deaths like no other. For instance, one can relate Act II of the Total War to explain the dramatic increase in civilian casualties. In the First World War, it was estimated that more than 6 million civilians and over 9 million soldiers lost their lives. Second World War on the other hand led to a loss of 45 million civilians and 15 million soldiers. These were extreme cases of life loss in the wars. In the first WWI, the Trench warfare, which was expected t o be fought peacefully and quickly, came to be a prolonged war, which caused too much harm. In the WWII, the war fought at sea resulted in extreme losses of arms and lives. Until the entry of Russia in 1942, British fought a naval war, with the support of several technologies such as aircrafts. The U.S navy was so big in size, with Britain’s seconding it. From 1940 to 1943, Germany fought with Britain over the Atlantic. Germany submarines strangled British trade and reinforcement of the Far East and the Mediterranean. With few vessels, but capable of breaking the British naval codes, German submarines attacked areas where groups would not be shielded by aircrafts. Consequently, submarines sank 2,000 British ships in 1941, with a total of 8 million tons. British trade was limited as compared to pre-war times. In the WWII, civilians were forced to do anything for the sake of the War. The Home front involved majorly of industrialization, where women were totally succumbed to har dships and suffering. In Germany, more than seven million forced workers were forced to provide labor at the point of a gun, while slaves were literally overworked to the extents of death. War posters were placed in open places, contradicting the portrayal of women. For example, women portraits showed Germany and Japan in America as destructive and bestial enemies who were to destroy the unique culture that maintained the well-liked sense of superiority. The two wars could also be described as â€Å"Total Wars,† when looked at in the perspective of the oppressive and powerful Nazi states. For instance, Hitler’s ideas of the Second World War utilized short campaigns where targeted nations would be conquered individually or in portions before they were well prepared. Hitler wished to sustain the living standards of the civilians. Even after the conflict before Moscow, he resisted huge changes in economic policies. The situation was not the same after the tragedies in Nor th Africa and Stalingrad, where Germany was defeated. Hitler feared being seen publicly. This led Goebbels, the propaganda minister to announce that Germany would fight a â€Å"total war.† This was in his long speech in 1943, and he demanded that German people make real sacrifices immediately the Allied Strategic Bombing campaign effected. Germans faced big armies and war efforts that Soviets, British, and Americans could muster. Just like Germany,

Developing a Health Advocacy Campaign , Prostate Cancer Research Paper

Developing a Health Advocacy Campaign , Prostate Cancer Funding - Senator Boxer introduced the Prostate and Mens Education Act, - Research Paper Example The cause of prostate cancer is not clearly understood, but researchers argue that issues like race, family and age are beyond ones’ control. But some risk factors like avoiding fatty foods can be avoided as one is advised to eat more fruits, unsaturated foods, whole grains and intake of less red meat. Some medication from well equipped health centers helps reduce the spread of the cancer in the body. Drugs like; finastede have shown to reduce the prostrate cancer risk (John, 2008). California population is the most affected with cancer cases with 1,277,200 people affected with different types of cancer. The state projects that in 2012, more than 144,800 new cases will occur. The patients with prostate cancer include 20,195 new cases that makes up to 28% and 3,085 deaths occurs. The survivors of prostate cancer are 240,200 that accounts for 42%. Although from 1988 to 2009, 11% reduction has been reported as mortality reduces by 23% (CCR, 2012). The advocacy that have been effective include the â€Å"Us too advocacy† that uses the prostate cancer survivors and victims to spread the awareness creation. They give speeches in forums, hold door to door awareness creations and attended screening centers to help explain to the attendees the screening environment. The attributes that makes this advocacy campaign is that it involves survivors, volunteers and experts to spread the required awareness messages. The volunteers take their time to deliver the message of the benefits of early screening, explaining the screening environment to the people so that they attend the screening exercise and encouraging people the people to attend the screening centers. The other attribute makes this advocacy to be effective is the involvement of medical experts on comprehensive research and provision of a variety of advanced treatment (CCR, 2012). The other advocacy campaign that is effective is the â€Å"Zero prostate cancer†

Letter of Credit - Lifeblood of International Commerce Essay

Letter of Credit - Lifeblood of International Commerce - Essay Example The title was again reconfirmed in Intraco v Notis. To better understand what letters of credit are, how they are used and why it was called â€Å"the lifeblood of international commerce†, this paper will detail all pertinent information and know-how on the subject, from its origin to its present status in the international trade. 1. Brief Overview of Letter of Credit The letter of credit is about 180 years of age in the financing of trade exports. It has been one if not the most commonly used facilities for international trade payments. Today, its version is better known as the electronic letter of credit which with the use of the internet and computers, have become quite easy to use. The letter of credit comes in variety of forms, most common of which is the documentary credit, also referred to as just L/C, or credit or commercial in the UCP 600 or the ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 600 (UCP 600). The information contained in this paper is the standard type of documentary credit that is the common payment mechanism for international trade. There are other forms of letter of credit that may be mentioned but will not be dwelt upon are the standby letter of credit and the acceptable credit. Standby credit is not exactly related to the fundamental contract of shipment or sale of goods, unlike the documentary credit; therefore, it is not exactly applicable in payment condition and the investigation of shipping files and documents is not required. The standby credit’s primary role is the prevention of one party or both to attempt breaching a contract because o market changes or other reasons. The use of standby credit as collateral security and fidelity bonds in financing operations, and as performance bonds in the field of construction is increasing. In the transportation of oil, for example, particularly in short journeys such as transportation between countries in Europe, goods might be shipped to the discharge port within a day while the bills of lading are not yet delivered to the port of loading. Instead of documentary credits, the use of cash as the instrument for payment is more convenient and practical for the parties of sale contract in situations such as this. Then again, to increase the seller’s sense of security and confidence in doing business, a standby letter of credit can still be issued by the buyer as backup. From which it can be observed that a standby letter of credit is not exactly applicable in payment conditions. Even though the standby letter of credit has a significant role as a guarantee, it is not equivalent to a bank letter of guarantee by all means. Evidence of non-performance of the underlying transaction is required by the standby credit, instead of the sole requirement of the beneficiary’s documentary compliance. In addition, in standby credit, the proof of fraud is more difficult than in documentary credit. Simply put, proving that the breach of contract of the beneficiary is a fraud is very difficult. Just as Judge Kerr said, the case of Harbottle (Mercantile) Ltd. v. National Westminster Bank4 is not a case of established fraud at all. The seller may indeed be correct in arguing that a buyer h as no contractual right to payment of any part of the guarantee, let alone the entire guarantee. However, all these rest on contractual disputes. They fall in a subject distant from fraud, particularly established fraud. 2. Defining the Letter of Credit Basically, the most common form of credit it documentary form is the Letter of Cre

Economic100 Article Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic100 Analysis - Article Example Broccoli, which was yesterday priced at $6.99/kg in store, could drop down to as low as $2.99/kg. Other winter vegetables, such as cauliflower and cabbage, will see similar reductions. Fruit would eventually follow, but would not drop as much, he said. Banana lovers will be the hardest hit however. â€Å"They will stay up for at least six months,† he said. Ausveg, the national peak industry body representing the interests of Australian vegetable and potato growers, has also predicted the drop in vegetable prices. â€Å"We’ve predicted a price drop in the coming months. We will see a return to normal pricing,† Ausveg spokesman Hugh Tobin said. â€Å"Areas devastated by the floods like the Lockyer Valley are getting back on track.† Ausveg had estimated national losses in vegetable and fruit production was at approximately $225 million. Price drop Winter vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage are expected to drop in price by almost 50% in the ne xt two to three months. Fruit will slowly follow, depending on the weather, but bananas will not return to normal prices for at least six months.1 Report Introduction The price level of food products influences majority of each household’s expenditure, therefore changes in prices draw people’s attention. ... It also mentions fruits following sometime later, without being exact. It is expressing pessimistic predictions about banana’s specifically, affected by Yasi cyclone, estimating the recovery process to last at least 6 months. The national wealth suffered a terrible loss due to the flooding, and the article estimates $225 million loss in production. However, these estimates do not take into account the future consequences of losing the foreign market share. The reasons for prices being up for a long period of time and their estimated changes are hidden within laws of demand and supply. The elasticity of demand also influences the situation, and the purpose of the report is to give reasons for this thesis. There’s a high possibility of inflation affecting the situation further, and that will be also discussed. Analysis The law of supply and demand states that all other things constant, there exists an equilibrium point on the intersection of supply and demand curves, wher e the needs of customers and suppliers are met - optimal resource allocation, and that markets naturally strive for it (graph 1).4 Graph 1. Supply and demand equilibrium. Source: Investopedia. â€Å"The floods have damaged crops and caused disruption to supply.†5 What happened in Australia, with natural disasters – flood and cyclone – affecting available sources of goods, is called a supply shock. As the amount of fruits and vegetables supplied decreased, the supply curve shifted left, and the corresponding equilibrium price increased (graphs 2 and 3). â€Å"Growers whose crops have not been destroyed have had difficulty transporting their products to market

Opinion on Diop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opinion on Diop - Essay Example He was obsessed by the same self serving misinformation held by racist white scholars implying that Africans had no significant civilization and strongly opposed their notion. He argued that the civilization was started by the Egyptians who were black and not by foreigners who trekked into Egypt as suggested by the white scholars. He proposed that Africans could not be categorized into one group that existed in the south of the Sahara. This was in opposition to the claim by white scholars that the inhabitants of Egypt in North Africa were white. He argued that rather, Africans had a wide variation in skin color, hair type and facial shape just as happens among other human races. I believe Diop was as racist as the white scholars. His perception was that the scholars conveniently selected white pharaohs and ignored the original black ones to show Egypt as a white civilization. Diop did researches determined to prove that ancient Egyptians bore similar physical traits as present day black Africans. He went further to claim that, linguistically, ancient Egyptian was related to his contemporary Wolof language of West Africa. In conclusion, I believe most of Diop’s efforts and work were aimed at wrestling civilization claims from the Western world. He was filled with an inferiority complex and tried to overcome it by attempting to link his Wolof ethnicity with the Egyptians. I also believe that is the reason he insisted on placing the human civilization credit upon the Egyptians, whom he claimed to be black.

Financial Schemes Essay Example for Free

Financial Schemes Essay When the question of developing a new project at Puerto Penasco, Mexico has arrived, we would suggest that rather than going for traditional time share or new mixed use hotels, we should generate the energies towards developing a Condominium. The most important fact for advocating a Condominium is because this concept is already very popular in beach areas of Mexico. Tourists from across the world come here to take the experience of beach village which is rather not possible in mixed use hotels. Financial Advantages of a Condominium over other forms: Limited capital investment initially: First of all, the amount of capital invested in a Condominium is lesser than that of other traditional hotel forms. Hotels usually are occupied by the tourists at peak months only. Apart from that time, they always face lack of tourists which ultimately result in loss of revenue. Renting the property at non peak months: The Condominium could be rented to students and other people apart from the tourists during the non peak months and hence it in a sense gives guarantee to the owners for a uniform cash flow across the year. Disadvantages to the other schemes: It could be very well noted here that at times Condominium could lose the advantages to classic hotels in terms of hospitality and luxury. The tourists often feel that the Condominium could not provide the room service and the luxury that the time share hotels could provide. This is true to an extent that the Condominium does not beat the traditional hotels in terms of luxury. The reason why we have chosen a Condominium over other forms of hotels is because least risk involved in this project. As the amount of capital invested is least, the chances of losing money are less. Apart from that, we are also ensuring smooth and uniform revenues across the year. References: Puerto Penasco: Retrieved on 4th August, 2010 from website: http://www. puerto-penasco. com/

Class Consciousness in Workers in Nineteenth-century Europe

Class Consciousness in Workers in Nineteenth-century Europe Account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth-century Europe. INTRODUCTION The standard of living could account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. More specifically the food that was needed but they didnt have enough of. Food was withheld from people due to food shortages. In Anthology document 5.13c French Minister of Interior to Louis XVIII, 1817 Laine puts the blame of food shortages to rain which spoilt the harvest. This has led to a lack of food for everyone. Anthology Document 5.13a, a Cornish letter, 1795. Which describes this food crisis saying that (CIT) Many farmers refuse to sell it in small quantities to the poor, which causes a great murmuring. This meant that it was increasingly more difficult to buy food to sustain them. Workers needed their daily bread to work and bread was an essential for a working family. With farmers refusing to sell food to the poor working families, it was becoming increasingly clear that there was a divide between people who could buy the food in large quantities and the poor. Also Document 5.13b, a letter Revd A.B Haden to the home secretary, 1800 who writes about the withholding of corn and that it is not right. (CIT) I have too high a respect for a British parliament even to suspect that it was ever intended that protection should extend to the withholding of corn. If the idea of farmers withholding food from certain types of people wasnt making it difficult enough for the workers in the nineteenth century, the price of food itself was. This made the workers self-aware of the divide between those who could and couldnt afford food. Anthology Document 5.13c tells us the rise in price of corn rose from (CIT) 28 francs 50 centimes to 31 francs 51 centimes. These living standards for workers and poorer families account for the emergence of class consciousness as people had begun to see a difference in living standards for workers and others. Revolution amongst workers can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in the nineteenth century Europe. There was many who were not happy with their current situation. And these people were in different social groups. Businessmen wanted to reduce the authority of the vestiges of feudalism. Peasants refused to pay tax. The biggest group was the workers whose revolution led to a class consciousness is workers. who saw themselves apart from the rest, and fought to protect their jobs from industrialisation, to improve the working conditions and to put them equally standing with their superiors. Anthology Document 5.17 Decrees of the French provisional government, 25 February 1848 is a result of workers revolution. They are public documents which promise workers (CIT) The right to work and that the Tuileries will serve as a hospital for workers injured in industry. These decrees came from the provisional government which was created after the revolutionary action brought about the abdication of the king. This revolutionary action taken by the workers suggests that it can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers. They now see themselves apart from the rest of society and demand to have rights to things others already have. To illustrate this further Anthology Document 5.18 Manifesto of the Delegates of the Corporations to the workers of the department of the seine. In this they refer to the workers as (CIT) Producer. They argue that the producer is essential to society. With this, the workers are separating themselves from the rest of society, thus gaining class consciousness. They now saw themselves as separate, and important enough that they seemingly unknowingly formed into a separate class or group. Therefore, the emergence of a class consciousness in workers in nineteenth-century Europe was because of revolutionary action taken. Political print by influential individuals can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Print was used to make workers more aware of a class divide. The first example of this encourages an awareness of a class divide, Anthology Document 5.16 The Communist Manifesto, 1848. Karl Marx wrote this. The aim of this manifesto is to (CIT) spell out the league principles based on the Scientific Socialism'. Scientific Socialism is a term to describe social-political-economic theory. The first mention of the development of a new class is where it states (CIT) It has established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. If a worker was to read this, it could prompt the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers. Someone is literally telling them that there is a new class. The manifesto then goes on to say (CIT) the place of manufacture was taken by the giant modern industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires. This quote from the manifesto introduces what middle class is. They are the ones who own the factories and have all the money. Just reading this, workers start to have a class consciousness. That there is a huge political and economic difference between them. Therefore, political print such as The communist manifesto can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Another important piece of print is Anthology Document 5.15 The prospectus for LArtisan, journal de la classe ouuriere, 1830. This was founded by printing workers and was essentially a newspaper to make people aware of what the working class was and how it was important to society. It states (CIT) the most numerous and the most useful class in society, without tradition, is the working class. The newspaper then goes on to promote the need for change for the working class. (CIT) to publish a special journal focussed o n their needs and interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ where they can expose their grievances and their complaints. With the spread of this type of political print, it can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. The workforce themselves and the unfair conditions which they worked in can also account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. And the main example of this is women and children workers. The illustration (CIT) Figure 19.6 clearly shows the divide between the middle class man in charge of the factory workforce and the women and children doing the work. It is a true depiction of how factories ran. We know this as we can compare it to (CIT) Figure 19.7 a drawing of power loom weaving which shows a similar scene to the first illustration. It would be obvious to those factory workers that there was a difference in the workers and the foreman. Therefore, it could account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. If this is not enough to spark the emergence of class consciousness, then the unfair working conditions might. Anthology Document 5.20, A Letter by Richard Oastler to the Leeds Mercury, 18 39 explains this in more detail (CIT) Thousands of little childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are daily compelled to labour from six oclock in the morning to seven in the evening with only-Britons, blush while you read it! with only thirty minutes allowed for eating and recreation in this letter Oastler is trying to highlight the working conditions and it is not clear if he is intentionally encouraging a class consciousness but this could be the outcome of his letter to the Leeds mercury. This also links back to the earlier point of the use of print accounting for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Print. Especially in the newspaper was very influential to those few workers who could read. Reading that every worker is going through the same thing would spur on revolutions and lead to the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe.